production requires skilled workers. Innovation is followed by a costly process of standardization, whereby these new goods are … adapted to be produced using unskilled labor. Our framework highlights a number of novel results. First, standardization is … standardization rate (and of competition). Second, we characterize the growth and welfare maximizing speed of standardization. We show …

A Third World data base documenting commodity and factor prices 1870-1940 has been collected, yielding annual time …/rental ratios the world round between 1870 and 1940. The data offer a useful way to identify the impact of globalization on the pre …-industrial Third World. This paper finds commodity price convergence to have been bigger in the Third World than the Atlantic economy …

pre- World War I, the interwar, and the post-war periods, this paper finds that the Frankel-Romer result is robust to …

Some world historians attach globalization big bang' significance to 1492 (Christopher Colombus stumbles on the … important events in recorded history. Other world historians insist that globalization stretches back even earlier. There is a … third view which argues that the world economy was fragmented and completely de-globalized before the 19th century. None of …

for the United States but also with reference to the wider world. We establish the outlines of international integration a … century ago and analyze the institutional and informational impediments that prevented the late nineteenth century world from … achieving the same degree of integration as today. We conclude that the world today is different: commercial and financial …

This paper uses a new pre-1940 Third World data base documenting real wages and relative factor prices to explore their … wages to land rents, on the other hand, declined up to World War I and so did the ratio of wages to GDP per capita. The …