belligerents: Britain, France, Italy, Germany, and Austria-Hungary. At the outbreak of the war, these nations suspended … convertibility of their currencies into gold with the promise that after the war each would restore convertibility at the old par …. However, once convertibility was suspended, the value of each currency depended on the outcome of the war. I decompose …

The end of World War II brought a flood of returning veterans to America's colleges and universities. Yet, despite … evidence about the question of whether military service, combined with the availability of post-war educational benefits, led … structure of the draft during the World War II period and the changing manpower requirements in the armed forces to address the …

and II, which would seemingly increase uncertainty. In a seminal paper, Schwert (1989) identified the "war puzzle" as one …

our analysis of these new data, we find that the relatively stingy, fixed-price contracts of the Civil War era led … inventors to focus broadly on reducing costs, while the less cost-conscious procurement contracts of World War I did not. We …' preferences across wars. Finally, we find that the Civil War and World War I procurement shocks led to substantial increases in …

The nullification of slave wealth after the U.S. Civil War (1861-65) was one of the largest episodes of wealth … wealth by 1870, relative to households that had been equally wealthy before the war. Yet, the sons of former slaveholders …