Industrialization and urbanization are seen as interdependent processes of modern economic development. However, the … power source by manufacturers during industrialization contributed to urbanization. While the data indicate that steam … contribute substantially to urbanization …

likely for other economies that experienced historical industrialization and urbanization …

We study the joint process of urbanization and industrialization in the US economy between 1880 and 1940. We show that … only a small share of aggregate industrialization is accounted for by the relocation of workers from remote rural areas to … transforming their sectoral structure. Most industrialization within counties occurred through the emergence of new "factory …

Court ordered desegregation plans were implemented in hundreds of US school districts nationwide from the 1960s through … school ages when a local order was implemented. These effects are strongly concentrated in the South, with largely null …

School systems around the world use achievement tests to assign students to schools, classes, and instructional … resources, including remediation. Using a regression discontinuity design, we study a Florida policy that places middle school …

This paper examines the impact of school accountability on adult crime and economic self-sufficiency. We employ a …'s accountability regime. Our findings indicate that a school's receipt of a lower accountability rating, at the bottom end of the …

. We show through a randomized controlled trial that school principals, i.e., school mangers, can act as leaders to improve …