This survey reviews the broad changes in U.S. trade policy over the course of the nation's history. Import tariffs have … been the main instrument of trade policy and have had three main purposes: to raise revenue for the government, to restrict … imports and protect domestic producers from foreign competition, and to reach reciprocity agreements that reduce trade …

We document the outbreak of a trade war after the U.S. adopted the Smoot-Hawley tariff in June 1930. U.S. trade … retaliate by increasing their tariffs on imports from the United States. Using a new quarterly dataset on bilateral trade for 99 … possible mechanism whereby the U.S. was targeted despite countries' MFN obligations. The retaliators' welfare gains from trade …

This paper documents the size and timing of the world inter-continental trade boom following the great voyages in the … 1490s of Columbus, da Gama and their followers. Indeed, a trade boom followed over the subsequent three centuries. But what … declining trade barriers, falling transport costs and overseas 'discovery' explains the boom. In contrast, this paper reports …

these three competing views has explicitly shown the difference between trade expansion driven by booming demand and supply … within the trading economies (e.g., the underlying fundamental, population growth), and trade expansion driven by the …

There are two contrasting views of pre-19th century trade and globalization. First, there are the world history …

In this chapter, we describe long-run trends in global merchandise trade and immigration from 1870 to 2010. We revisit … interwar period, and then rebounded (but with much more pronounced growth in trade than in immigration). More substantively, we … change in the composition of merchandise trade towards manufactured goods precisely dating from 1950. Finally, using a triple …

This paper describes broad regional and temporal trends in the evolution of international trade and international … factor flows between 1700 and 1870, including key differences in trade costs across space and time. We find trade links in … to these differences, the chapter lays out theoretical reasons for links between trade and economic growth and examines …