Discrimination against women has been alleged in hiring practices for many occupations, but it is extremely difficult … players in 1970 but are 25% today. We ask whether women were more likely to be advanced and/or hired with the use of blind …

measure discrimination by comparing how responsive individuals ("audited units") are to correspondences from different types …. We argue that when researchers use audit correspondence studies to measure discrimination against individuals that … attenuated (downwardly biased) estimates of discrimination …

Economics tends to define and measure discrimination as disparities stemming from the direct (causal) effects of … systemic (i.e. indirect) channels. For example, racial disparities in criminal records due to discrimination in policing can … for modeling and measuring both direct and systemic forms of discrimination. We define systemic discrimination as emerging …

This paper reviews some recent empirical analyses of the impact of affirmative action and anti-discrimination law on … seems more compatible with an earnings redistribution rather than an anti-discrimination program. 4)While many of the …

This paper seeks to disentangle the impactof residential segregation from that of employment discrimination in …

always reach the same dead-end: residual differences across race or gender are due either to discrimination or to unobserved … litigation has had some success in fighting racial discrimination. Direct tests of the impact of Title VII litigation and …