branded equivalent, while the retailer's margin on the national brand is an upper bound on the retailer's marginal handling … cost for both the brand and private label versions. We find that lower bounds on the 'full' markup ratio range from 3 …

-in-differences method. We compare the change before and after the implementation of NLEA in body weight among those who use labels when food …

similar non-chefs. We extend our analysis to cover 50 retail health categories and 241 food and drink categories. The results … suggest that misinformation and related consumer mistakes explain a sizable share of the brand premium for health products …, and a much smaller share for most food and drink products. We tie our estimates together using a stylized model of demand …

industrial organization. Using Nielsen Retail Scanner data for the United States, we document that in the consumer food industry …. However, markups are flat with respect to brand tenure. This finding is at odds with a large literature on customer markets …

retailer's decision whether to carry an additional national brand or a store brand, and if the retailer chooses to introduce … the latter, where in product space to locate the store brand. Store brands differ from other brands in being both … store brand in a given category. We control for other motivations for carrying a store brand that have been used in the …

-side response to the recession shows only small changes in the relative price of national-brand and private-label products. Our …-label quality tiers or to the overall rate of private-label versus national-brand product introductions …