This paper studies how innovation reacts to foreign political risk and shapes its economic consequences. In a model … increases domestic innovation, thereby lowering reliance on risky sourcing countries. We then combine data on sector … critical minerals that are essential for modern economic activity. Second, the response of innovation is particularly strong …

global surge in innovation and exports in REE-intensive downstream sectors outside of China. To rationalize these findings … complementary inputs, input supply restrictions on REEs induce a surge in REE-enhancing innovation and lead to an expansion of REE …

transformed the American innovation landscape, deepening the division of innovative labor between universities, startups, and …

, has emphasized the importance of patents as a primary driver of innovation. Recent improvements in empirical methodology … when patent rights have been too broad or strong, they have actually discouraged innovation. This paper summarizes the …

. Accordingly, this paper offers an empirical comparison of patents in relation to the award of prizes for technological innovation … unpredictable, and was unrelated to such proxies for the productivity of the innovation as inventive capital or the commercial …

. After linking these ideas to the induced innovation literature of the 1960s and the more recent directed technological …