next three months. A comprehensive bank-level database reveals the public responded to signals sent by regulators' actions …

This paper provides the first comprehensive econometric analysis of the causes of bank distress during the Depression …. We assemble bank-level data for virtually all Fed member banks, and combine those data with county-level, state … bank failure. We construct a model of bank survival duration using these fundamental determinants of bank failure as …

of creating an oligopoly. We assembled a data set that compares bank failures, lending rates, interest paid on deposits …

An examination of U.S. banking history shows that economically efficient private bank money requires that information …-revealing securities markets for bank liabilities be closed. That is, banks are optimally opaque, which is why they are regulated and … examined. I show this by examining the transition from private bank notes, the predominant form of money before the U.S. Civil …

. Second, did diffuse ownership systematically alter bank risk taking? It did. Banks with less concentrated ownership followed …

This paper identifies how bank branching benefited local economies during the Great Depression. Using archival data and … narrative evidence, I show how Bank of America's branch network in 1930s California created an internal capital market to … competing banking offices. The bank's presence caused smaller city property value contractions and stronger recoveries through …

crucial year 1930. When the crisis worsened, state and local authorities began declaring bank holidays,' which limited the … right of depositors to make withdrawals, a movement that culminated in the declaration of a national bank holiday by …

quasi-exogenous increases in bank size in postwar Germany. I show that firms did not grow faster after their relationship …, but worked with riskier borrowers. Bank managers benefited through higher salaries and media attention. The paper presents …

1820s. Nonetheless, Massachusetts did not open access easily. This paper documents that until 1812, bank charters were only … of the Federalist bank. The paper documents the close association of politicians and bankers. Before 1811, close to three …