This paper investigates the effects of state censorship of opposition media using evidence from the closing of RCTV, a … popular opposition television channel in Venezuela. The government did not renew RCTV's license, and the channel was replaced … overnight, during May 2007, by a pro-government channel. Based upon this censorship of opposition television, we have three key …

and opposition spending on citizen initiatives have strong, statistically significant, and countervailing effects. We … spending in favor of citizen initiatives substantially increases their chances of passage, just as opposition spending …

members of the Turkish Parliament, we find that losing immunity pacifies the MPs of the opposition parties. They become less … to cast dissenting votes against the government. MPs of the opposition parties who lose their immunity are less likely to … that more outspoken and active opposition MPs, or those who are more valuable for their parties have been targeted for …

popularity of the incumbent and the opposition. Citizens are heterogenous in their attitudes toward the dictator, and these … repressions. A strong opposition makes competitive elections more likely but also increases the probability of repression. A …