two births in families with at least two children, to estimate the effect of additional children on parents' labor supply … differences in the ages of children whose birth was caused by the instruments. The estimates imply that the labor supply …

A large literature exists on the impact of family structure on children's outcomes, typically focusing on average … children of married parents. We propose that the gains to marriage from a child's perspective depend on a mother's own level of … school completion or avoiding poverty at age 25, the "marriage premium for children" is highest for children of mothers with …

effects of overall and gender-specific economic shocks. We find only modest evidence of a link between overall economic … conditions and child maltreatment. However, analysis by gender reveals robust evidence that maltreatment decreases with …

documenting three facts using population tax records for children born in the 1980s. First, gender gaps in employment rates …We show that differences in childhood environments play an important role in shaping gender gaps in adulthood by …, earnings, and college attendance vary substantially across the parental income distribution. Notably, the traditional gender …

children born after WWII. Using state-level data on income growth, smoking, obesity and education, we explain over 70% of the …