We conduct parallel surveys of legislators and citizens in three countries to study their tolerance for corruption. In …-offs between, for example, probity and efficiency: both perceive corruption as undesirable but prevalent. These novel descriptive … data further reveal that legislators generally have accurate beliefs about public opinion on corruption and understand its …

This paper offers a new interpretation of the connection between openness and good governance. Assuming that corruption … display lower corruption in equilibrium. In data, naturally more open economies' do exhibit less corruption even after taking …

Corruption and imperfect contract enforcement dramatically reduce trade. This paper estimates the reduction, using a …

are desperate, vulnerable, or demanding services particularly prone to corruption. The effect is strongest for bribery of …

This paper utilizes a micro-level data set from 49 countries to address three issues: What determines corruption at the … individual level? What determines the perception of the extent of corruption in the country? Does corruption have a direct impact … corruption which portrays the extent of corruption as revealed byindividuals who live in those countries. The results show that …

threats, corruption, and other relevant controls. While growth falls with higher levels of military spending, given the values …

have smaller welfare-state programs and less corruption. Other results present puzzles for future research: the adjustment …