across regions with varying levels of local economic development in Vietnam. First, we find that informal businesses exhibit …

development quest. The sample includes seven developing countries--Botswana, Ghana, Nigeria, Zambia, India, Vietnam and Brazil … industrialization only played a significant role in Vietnam …

This study examines how the historical state conditions long-run development, using Vietnam as a laboratory. Northern … Vietnam (Dai Viet) was ruled by a strong centralized state in which the village was the fundamental administrative unit …. Southern Vietnam was a peripheral tributary of the Khmer (Cambodian) Empire, which followed a patron-client model with weaker …

-specific characteristics such as the level of political freedom are taken into account. Political freedom is shown to explain terrorism, but it … does so in a non-monotonic way: countries in some intermediate range of political freedom are shown to be more prone to … terrorism than countries with high levels of political freedom or countries with highly authoritarian regimes. This result …

Hayek (1960) distinguishes the institutions of English freedom, which guarantee the independence of judges from … political interference in the administration of justice, from those of American freedom, which allow judges to restrain law … reflect these institutions of English and American freedom, and ask whether these rules predict economic and political freedom …

The freedom of citizens to form voluntary associations has long been viewed as an essential ingredient of modern civil … society. Our chapter revises the standard Tocquevillian account of associational freedom in the early United States by …

effects on imports can also occur. These models when calibrated to 1995 data for Vietnam also suggest quantitatively much …