After outlining characteristics of Japan's distribution sector, a comprehensive international comparison of it to those … of other nations is presented and analyzed for underlying differences. This leads to an explanation of Japan's retail … Japan and regulatory distortion, including empirical evidence on its extent are offered. Data on the structure of the retail …

the distribution system is acting as a non-tariff barrier. Thus, even if the distribution sector in Japan is judged to be …

in world trade. With respect to the composition of trade, Suez was associated with large changes in export shares but …

panel database for 35 countries, this paper estimates the impact of terms of trade volatility and secular change on country …. Additionally, both effects were asymmetric between Core and Periphery, findings that speak directly to the terms of trade debates …

to the external terms of trade in Latin America between 1820 and 1950: from the 1890s onwards the terms of trade … fostered trade, policy suppressed it: tariff rates were higher in Latin America than almost anywhere else in the world between …, regardless of motivation. However, protective policy was modified by those powerful and positive terms of trade shocks, yielding …

In this chapter, we describe long-run trends in global merchandise trade and immigration from 1870 to 2010. We revisit … interwar period, and then rebounded (but with much more pronounced growth in trade than in immigration). More substantively, we … change in the composition of merchandise trade towards manufactured goods precisely dating from 1950. Finally, using a triple …

steadily expanding trade opportunities in a non-monotonic way. Borders hamper trade. In its early stages, the political …