the distribution system is acting as a non-tariff barrier. Thus, even if the distribution sector in Japan is judged to be …

these three competing views has explicitly shown the difference between trade expansion driven by booming demand and supply … within the trading economies (e.g., the underlying fundamental, population growth), and trade expansion driven by the …

There are two contrasting views of pre-19th century trade and globalization. First, there are the world history …

This survey reviews the broad changes in U.S. trade policy over the course of the nation's history. Import tariffs have … been the main instrument of trade policy and have had three main purposes: to raise revenue for the government, to restrict … imports and protect domestic producers from foreign competition, and to reach reciprocity agreements that reduce trade …

In this chapter, we describe long-run trends in global merchandise trade and immigration from 1870 to 2010. We revisit … interwar period, and then rebounded (but with much more pronounced growth in trade than in immigration). More substantively, we … change in the composition of merchandise trade towards manufactured goods precisely dating from 1950. Finally, using a triple …

This paper describes broad regional and temporal trends in the evolution of international trade and international … factor flows between 1700 and 1870, including key differences in trade costs across space and time. We find trade links in … to these differences, the chapter lays out theoretical reasons for links between trade and economic growth and examines …

What has driven trade booms and trade busts in the past and present? We derive a micro-founded measure of trade … frictions from leading trade theories and use it to gauge the importance of bilateral trade costs in determining international … trade flows. We construct a new balanced sample of bilateral trade flows for 130 country pairs across the Americas, Asia …