costlessly hardened' and passed along within the hierarchy. As a concrete application of the theory, the paper discusses the …, this is exactly what the theory would lead one to expect …

and others in specialization. Our theory throws light on the nature of hierarchy, the optimal degree of decentralization …

In a labor market hierarchy, promotions are affected by the noisiness of information about the candidates. I study the … higher survival rate. Further, even if more risk takers than non risk takers are promoted in the beginning of the hierarchy …

If promotion in a hierarchy is based on a random signal of ability, rates of promotion will be affected by risk …-taking. Further, the numbers and abilities of risk-takers and non-risk-takers will be different at each stage of the hierarchy, and …

question we propose a theory of the assignment of heterogeneous agents into hierarchical teams, where less skilled agents …

perspectives: (1) individual level (the degree to which team members specialize vs. work as generalists), (2) activity level (the … degree to which activities are concentrated among few team members vs. distributed among many) and (3) the intersection … explore team-based knowledge production using a newly available type of data - the disclosures of author contributions on …