Individuals involved in basic research, like other workers, respond to incentives. Funding agencies provide implicit … responses of researchers to rules, socially optimal rules are derived. Research incentive issues have private business analogues …

From its 1958 origin in defense, the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) model for research funding has, in the …. In this paper, we propose that the key elements of the ARPA model for research funding are: organizational flexibility on … actively manage projects. We identify the ARPA model's domain as mission-oriented research on nascent S-curves within an …

This paper describes flows of basic research through the U.S. economy and explores their implications for scientific … basic research flows than was previously available. Basic research flows are high within petrochemicals and drugs and within … limited to software and communications. In general, basic research flows are more concentrated within scientific fields than …

the basicness of research underlying an invention can be characterized by the nature of the previous patents cited by an … invention; that the basicness of research outcomes relates to the subsequent patents that cite an invention; and that the …, and find that many of the measures do conform to our a priori belief that university research and research outcomes are …

This paper introduces a general equilibrium model of endogenous technical change through basic and applied research …. Basic research differs from applied research in the nature and the magnitude of the generated spillovers. We propose a novel … way of empirically identifying these spillovers and embed them in a framework with private firms and a public research …

About 20 percent of the gross investment expenditures of U.S. manufacturing firms is expenditures on research and …

research remains an isolated or 'ivory tower' activity, with weak connectivity to public use, little relationship between the … quality of research and its public use, and little correspondence between the funding of science and its public use. This …

War II. In 1940, a group of top U.S. science administrators organized a major coordinated research effort to support the … Allied war effort, including significant investments in medical research which yielded innovations like mass … appropriate R&D policy in a crisis requires going beyond the standard Nelson-Arrow framework for research policy …