Hierarchies allow individuals to leverage their knowledge through others' time. This mechanism increases productivity … and organization of U.S. lawyers and use the equilibrium model of knowledge hierarchies in Garicano and Rossi …, increasing the ratio between the 95th and 50th percentiles from 3.7 to 4.8. We conclude that the impact of hierarchy on …

production of academic knowledge. Using data from the MIT Department of Biology for the period 1970-2000, we analyze the … trainee's laboratory. We interpret these results in light of the following two paradigms: the increased burden of knowledge …

increasing team sizes in science. For identification, we exploit the collapse of the USSR as an exogenous shock to the knowledge …We conduct the first empirical test of the knowledge burden hypothesis, one of several theories advanced to explain … frontier causing a sudden release of previously hidden research. We report evidence that team size increased disproportionately …

costlessly hardened' and passed along within the hierarchy. As a concrete application of the theory, the paper discusses the …, this is exactly what the theory would lead one to expect …

and others in specialization. Our theory throws light on the nature of hierarchy, the optimal degree of decentralization …

In a labor market hierarchy, promotions are affected by the noisiness of information about the candidates. I study the … higher survival rate. Further, even if more risk takers than non risk takers are promoted in the beginning of the hierarchy …

If promotion in a hierarchy is based on a random signal of ability, rates of promotion will be affected by risk …-taking. Further, the numbers and abilities of risk-takers and non-risk-takers will be different at each stage of the hierarchy, and …