This paper develops a large-scale, dynamic life-cycle model to simulate Russia's demographic and fiscal transition … under favorable and unfavorable fossil-fuel price regimes. The model includes Russia, the U.S., China, India, the EU, and … Japan+ (Japan plus Korea). The model predicts dramatic increases in tax rates in the U.S., EU, India, and Russia. Indeed …

debt still have very major fiscal problems? The answer is that the Russia's energy resources are finite, whereas its … expenditure needs are not. Moreover, Russia is aging and facing massive obligations from its pension system and other age related …This study estimates Russia's 2013 fiscal gap at 890 trillion rubles or $28 trillion. This longterm budget shortfall is …