of a pluralism without privilege, but they also had doubts about its possibility. They offered some reasons to prefer … pluralism with privilege to the absence of both. They worried that centralization, democratic or otherwise, might be the … preeminent fact of modern state consolidation, and that purely voluntary, equal, associational pluralism might not be powerful …

This paper focuses on three large Continental European countries: France, Germany, and Italy. These countries have …

U.S. and Germany …

Germany experienced an even deeper fall in GDP in the Great Recession than the United States, with little employment …