enforces them, and suggest relevant policy work and areas for future research …

effect of spillovers on research productivity of firms exceeds the structural effect because it includes an active learning … expenditures and internal research expenditures. The findings are consistent with the view that learning expenditures transmit the …

conclude by offering suggestions for improving future empirical research on this issue …

patent policy are few. Possible reasons for these limited results are discussed, and possible avenues for future research are …

When investing in research and development (R&D), institutions must decide whether to take a top-down approach … the U.S. Air Force Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program that transitioned from "Conventional topics," which …

research remains an isolated or 'ivory tower' activity, with weak connectivity to public use, little relationship between the … quality of research and its public use, and little correspondence between the funding of science and its public use. This …

laboratories, hired trained scientists, and embarked upon basic research of the kind we would associate today with academic …, organization, research and innovation, we attempt to explain the rise of corporate research. We argue that it was driven by … academic research system in the United States. Measuring field-specific scientific backwardness in several different ways, we …