Policymakers and academics are increasingly interested in applying financial incentives to individuals in education …

of financial incentives on student achievement. In stark contrast to simple economic models, our results suggest that … student incentives increase achievement when the rewards are given for inputs to the educational production function, but … incentives tied to output are not effective. Relative to popular education reforms of the past few decades, student incentives …

, we find substantial incentive effects from both financial and non-financial incentives on test scores. Second, we find … that non-financial incentives are considerably more cost-effective than financial incentives for younger students, but were … motivating power of the incentives vanishes when rewards are handed out with a delay. Since the rewards to educational investment …

This paper reports an experiment in over 3,000 Indonesian villages designed to test the role of performance incentives … less developed areas, but found no impact of incentives on education. We find no evidence of negative spillovers from the … incentives to untargeted outcomes, and no evidence that villagers manipulated scores. The relative performance design was crucial …

understand the impact of aligned incentives on student achievement. In Washington DC, incentives were "horizontal" - provided to … assessments, homework, and uniforms). In Houston, TX, incentives were "vertical" - provided to multiple agents (parents, teachers …, and students) for a single input (math objectives). On outcomes for which we provided direct incentives, there were large …