entrepreneurs with business backgrounds, who are more likely to patent their intellectual capital. We also find that when …

references in patent specifications. These references are common and algorithmically extractable. Critically, they are very … academic articles are in the patent text, and 31% of in-text citations are on the front page. We explain these differences by …

-location and diaspora effects for accessing knowledge. Then, using patent citation data associated with inventions from India, we …

We examine the home bias of international knowledge spillovers as measured by the speed of patent citations (i …

Patent data have been widely used in research on technological innovation to characterize firms' locations as well as … based on patent class data, including Euclidean distance, correlation, and angle between firms' patent class distributions … biased and imprecise measures of proximity. We explore the effects of larger sample sizes and coarser patent class breakdowns …

patent citation data, using same-MSA and co-ethnicity as proxies for spatial and social proximity, respectively, to estimate …

This paper examines patterns of knowledge diffusion from US and Japan to Korea and Taiwan using patent citations as an … inventors tend to learn evenly from both US and Japanese inventors. The frequency of a Korean patent citing a Japanese patent is … almost twice that of the frequency of a Taiwanese patent citing a Japanese patent. We also find that a patent is much more …

other citations; (2) patents in the same patent class are approximately 100 times as likely to cite each other as patents … from different patent classes there is not a strong time pattern to this effect; (3) patents whose inventors reside in the …