a simple extension of the long-run risk model …

place greater weight on downside risk demand additional compensation for holding stocks with high sensitivities to downside … market movements. We show that the cross-section of stock returns reflects a premium for downside risk. Specifically, stocks … that covary strongly with the market when the market declines have high average returns. We estimate that the downside risk …

A key criticism of the existing empirical literature on the risk-return relation relates to the relatively small amount …, measures of conditional mean and conditional volatility--and ultimately the risk-return relation itself--will be misspecified … that three new factors, a "volatility," "risk premium," and "real" factor, contain important information about one …

Stocks with greater downside risk, which is measured by higher correlations conditional on downside moves of the market … of return on stocks with the greatest downside risk exceeds the average rate of return on stocks with the least downside … risk by 6.55% per annum. Downside risk is important for explaining the cross-section of expected returns. In particular of …

power for expected returns across a range of equity characteristic portfolios and non-equity asset classes, with risk price … estimates that are of the same sign and similar in magnitude. Positive exposure to capital share risk earns a positive risk …

Typical value-at-risk (VAR) calculations involve the probabilities of extreme dollar losses, based on the statistical … VAR values that are adjusted for risk aversion, time preferences, and other variations in economic valuation. In the … context of a representative agent equilibrium model, we construct an estimator of the risk-aversion coefficient that is …

This paper considers a world in which pension funds may default, the cost of the associated risk of default is not …

adjusted to take account of future asset price risk. Some empirical calculations suggest that these adjustments are large, and …