for private gain. We study the relationship between discretion and corruption in Italian government procurement auctions …, using a confidential database of firms and procurement officials investigated for corruption by Italian enforcement … associated with corruption only when conducted with fewer than the formally required number of bidders or employing discretionary …

We examine the correlation between gender and bureaucratic corruption using two distinct datasets, one from Italy and a … second from China. In each case, we find that women are far less likely to be investigated for corruption than men. In our … Italian data, female procurement officials are 34 percent less likely than men to be investigated for corruption by …

in the largest US customs-collection districts. The reform improved targeted employees' professional background and … reform was to induce hiring in exempted positions, provoking distortions in districts' personnel structure. Our results …

government using randomized audits of public procurement in Brazil. On average, firms exposed by the anti-corruption program grow … details of thousands of corruption cases, through which we uncover a large heterogeneity in our firm-level effects depending … on the degree of involvement in corruption cases. Using investment-, loan-, and worker- level data, we show that the …