about the extent to which conventional arbitration decisions are fashioned as mechanical compromises of the parties' final … in the arbitration decisions, this evidence of mechanical compromise behavior should be viewed as characterizing the … overall operation of conventional arbitration mechanisms and not the behavior of individual arbitrators in any particular case …

are ineffectual, merely ratifying business-as-usual outcomes and doing little to improve the environment. But much of that …

We analyze how expropriation risk reduces incentives for innovation and reallocates resources from the innovative … in the presence of expropriation risks. Empirical analyses, based on a LASSO Instrumental Variable approach and a novel … comprehensive dataset spanning nearly two decades, confirm our theoretical predictions. We find robust evidence that expropriation …

their investment plans to avoid expropriation. When- ever the host country faces competitive foreign investors expropriation … optimality of expropriation by the host country are unresolved at the time of the investment decision. The larger the penalty …This paper develops a theory of capital movements in the presence of potential expropriation. The threat of …

--to avoid expropriation by the state. Regions facing a greater threat of expropriation exhibit more prevalent waqf land and …