information is symmetrically distributed and the scoring bias is set to offset the initial asymmetry between players …

-world economic settings has been difficult to measure. We estimate the extent of a cognitive bias, confirmatory bias, among experts … regression-discontinuity approach to identify confirmatory bias in this real-world setting. We construct a unique personally … standard deviation in poll points in a given week can be attributed to confirmatory bias. This type of updating suggests that …

which firms slant their reports toward the prior beliefs of their customers in order to build a reputation for quality. Bias … quality when its reports conform to the consumer's prior expectations. We use this fact to build a model of media bias in … emerges in our model even though it can make all market participants worse off. The model predicts that bias will be less …

, creating urgent needs for both a workable definition of platform bias and ways to detect and measure it. We develop a simple … below the frontier that maximizes a weighted sum of seller and consumer surplus. This framework leads to two bias testing … the use of our structural framework directly, producing estimates of both platform bias and its welfare cost. The EU …