anecdotal. This paper provides direct quantitative evidence showing that how innovation and design work was done changed … fundamentally during the Industrial Revolution. This change was characterized by the professionalization of innovation and design …

economy as a whole. Racial and gender inequality can limit the entire economy's productive capacity and innovation outcomes … and commercialization data, we examine racial and gender disparities at each stage of the innovation process …--education and training, the practice of invention, and commercialization. While improving along certain dimensions over time, we …

knowledge is an input into internal invention, and thus, more valuable to firms with inventive capability. Using a simple model … of innovation and imitation, we explore how inventive capability affects a firm's R&D investments, and thus whether and … innovation and the division of innovative labor among US manufacturing firms, we find that high capability firms tend to use …

Previous studies have found large gender and racial differences in commercialization of invention. Using novel data … commercial activity related to invention are lower than once thought. This is despite relatively lower patent activity among …

agglomeration of US innovation. This study applies an ethnic-name database to individual US patent records to explore these trends …

's fairs between 1851 and 1915. Exhibition data show that the industry where an innovation is made is the single most important …

technology in this way both stimulated specialization at invention and further enhanced the opportunities available to …

At least since Arrow (1962), the effects of appropriability on invention have been well studied, but there has been … terminate or commercialize the invention is driven by the current market value of the invention, as well as the option value of …