were 0.2 sd higher in public schools. We find evidence of an education multiplier: test scores in private schools were also … 0.2 sd higher in treated markets. Consistent with standard models of product differentiation, the education multiplier …

Across countries, education and democracy are highly correlated. We motivate empirically and then model a causal … civic participation, including voting and organizing. In the battle between democracy and dictatorship, democracy has a wide … base. As education raises the benefits of civic participation, it raises the support for more democratic regimes relative …