-degenerate higher-order beliefs) can lead to conflict and drive its dynamics. We develop our analysis in the context of three classic … learning about the opponent's type, as well as the possibility of conflict spirals, traps, and cycles; and a deterrence model …. We relate these models to the empirical literature and to current and historical episodes of conflict …

Under what conditions does intergroup contact lead to conflict? We provide a novel answer to this question by … highlighting the role of reputation mechanisms in sustaining cooperation. Reputational concerns can deter defection in one … cooperation within a group, we show theoretically that interactions of individuals from a punishment-based culture with those from …

-resolution data on ethnic composition and violent conflict for sub-Saharan Africa, our analysis finds that in the wake of improved … trade access conflict declines less in locations that are ethnically remote from the rest of the country. We hypothesize …

conflict exposure (ACE) among Turkish conscripts. Our empirical framework identifies the causal impact and the mediating … absence of favorable neoclassical mediating pathways boosting demand for cooperation. Moreover, we show that intense ACE … increases opposition to peaceful means of conflict resolution and animosity towards minorities and promotes the tendency to …