any, differentiate teachers with high impact on student achievement in middle school English Language Arts from those with …

. Language acquisition is an important element in immigrant/native earnings convergence, but most of this convergence is … explained by factors other than language acquisition. These results are confirmed using panel data on wages and knowledge of … with past evidence on language-skill complementarity. Natives and immigrants with high levels of education benefit …

This paper studies the unintended effect of English language requirement on educational inequality by investigating how …

students' scores on a language skills test administered after 16 months. The estimates are sufficiently precise to rule out …

in the return to speaking English, the international language of commerce, in South Africa as that country re …

, students whose first language is Spanish, and students in lower-poverty elementary schools …

transformation is most clearly revealed in the change of language used in research from the national language, Latin, German and … French to English. Smaller language areas made this transformation earlier while there are also clear timing differences …

Between 1898 and 1948, English was the language of instruction for most post-primary grades in Puerto Rican public … schools. Since 1949, the language of instruction in all grades has been Spanish. We use this policy change to estimate the … effect of English-intensive instruction on the English-language skills of Puerto Ricans. Although naive estimates suggest …