This paper documents a new fact, then analyzes its causes and consequences: in most countries, import tariffs and non …, substantially accounts for this pattern. The downstream pattern can be explained by theories where industries lobby for low tariffs …

unilateral climate policies. Embodied carbon tariffs tax the direct and indirect carbon emissions embodied in imported goods. The …, carbon tariffs could substantially extend the reach of OECD climate policies. We investigate this claim by simulating the … effects of embodied carbon tariffs with a computable general equilibrium model of global trade and energy use. We find that …

preference by economists for factor or product taxes and subsidies over tariffs and export subsidies may not be justified in this …

available and an efficiency ranking is feasible: tariffs vs. non-tariff barriers (NTBs). In our policy choice model a government … bargaining with domestic SIGs can gain by constraining tariffs through international agreements even if this leads to the use of … indicates NTBs are less efficient than the tariffs they imperfectly replace. Moreover, we find parametric and non …