success of the invention. Prize-oriented institutions thus appear to be less systematic and not as market-oriented as patent …Such institutions as patent systems cannot be well understood without an assessment of technological creativity in …. Accordingly, this paper offers an empirical comparison of patents in relation to the award of prizes for technological innovation …

questions. The economy consists of many industries and firms engaged in cumulative (step-by-step) innovation. IPR policy … past innovations. With full patent protection, followers can catch up to the leader in their industry either by making the … same innovation(s) themselves or by making some pre-specified payments to the technological leaders. We prove the existence …

years a patent is renewed and the number of countries in which protection for the same invention is sought - can be used to …Patent counts are very imperfect measures of innovative output. This paper discusses how additional data-the number of … improve on counts in studies which require a measure of the extent of innovation. A simple renewal based weighting scheme is …

. The purpose is to document the ways in which patent systems are products of battles over the economic surplus from … innovation. The features of these systems take shape as interests at different points in the production chain seek advantage in …-style patent systems with all their imperfections have come to dominate other methods of encouraging inventive activity. The essays …

fertility of an innovation in generating more innovations cannot be observed. The menu of patent scope can be implemented with …It may be advantageous to provide a variety of kinds of patent protection to heterogenous innovations. Innovations … protection in order to be encouraged. We model the problem of designing an optimal patent menu (scope and length) when the …

a world economy with ongoing innovation in two countries that differ in market size, in their capacities for innovation …We study the incentives that governments have to protect intellectual property in a trading world economy. We consider … policies in a non-cooperative regime of patent protection, we ask, Why are patents longer in the North? We also study …

after the end of the process and fully exploit their bargaining leverage, then patent holders aspire to disclose always … after the end of the process. However, if a patent holder cannot rely on the other participants to always contribute to the … cross-licensing agreements that eliminate the strategic aspect of patent disclosure, and show that, in an institutional …

hypothesis, the paper examines a newly-collected data set of more than 7,000 American and British innovations at four world …'s fairs between 1851 and 1915. Exhibition data show that the industry where an innovation is made is the single most important … patent. The discovery of the periodic table in 1869 offers an opportunity to test this idea. Exhibition data show that …

pharmaceutical patent protection alone does not stimulate domestic innovation, as estimated by the US patent awards (both raw counts …Research on the effects of patent protection on innovation and technology transfer in the cross-country pharmaceutical … either. Imports, however, did flourish. Second, national patent law implementation demonstrates conditional importance for …

analysis proceeds in stages. It begins with an exogenous rate of innovation in order to focus on the first two components. The … last two components are added by endogenizing the rate of innovation. Finally, the paper considers the role of foreign …