young adulthood. Third, we know how to build foundational skills such as literacy and numeracy, and resources are often the … main constraint. Fourth, higher-order skills such as problem-solving and teamwork are increasingly valuable, and the … technology for producing these skills is not well-understood. We know that investment in education works and that skills matter …

We use a panel of survey responses linked to administrative data in Germany to measure the depreciation of skills while … cognitive and noncognitive skills while workers remain unemployed. We find the same pattern in a panel of American workers. The …