This paper examines the multigenerational impact of children and whether the public provision of formal childcare … earnings of mothers and employment of grandmothers. Studying a universal childcare program in Quebec, we find formal childcare … and the pre-policy supply of informal childcare by grandmothers …

-age children, and coincides with increased time spent engaging in childcare. Decomposing the gender gap in summer work …--and corresponding lapses in implicit childcare--provide a unifying explanation for these patterns. The summer drop in female employment … interruptions across job types defined by sector and occupation, we find large contributions from both gender differences in job …

Using thousands of essays written by 11-year-olds in 1969, we construct an index measuring girls' conformity to gender … less to gender norms live in regions with higher female employment and university attendance, highlighting the role of the …

-specific statutory labor income tax codes. We further evaluate the role of consumption taxes, gender and educational wage premia, and the …