How do communication costs affect the production of new ideas and inventions? To answer this question, we study the … showing how a fall in communication costs can increase the rate at which scientific knowledge is exchanged and new ideas and …

This paper derives the dependency of optimal tariff and inflation tax on tax collection and enforcement costs. The … analysis is done for a small, open economy. The existence of such costs can justify tariff and inflation tax policies as … the costs of tax collection …

costs and quantities. Unfortunately, neither in ordinary language nor in the jargon of moral philosophy can such ultimate … desiderata as liberty and justice be related to costs or quantities. Hence in the first section we sketch a model of social …

and concentration and recovers shocks to entry costs. We validate our approach by showing that the model-implied entry … shocks correlate with independently constructed measures of entry regulation and M&A activities. We conclude that entry costs …

are not well known. This paper establishes five new facts about college costs using novel department-level data. First …, costs vary widely across field, ranging from electrical engineering (109 percent higher costs than English) to math (22 … percent lower). Costs are generally higher in fields where graduates earn more and in pre-professional programs. Second, this …