team size by the number of authors on a scientific paper. Using this measure we find that team size increases by 50 percent … over the 19-year period. We supplement team size with measures of domestic and foreign institutional collaborations, which … capture the geographic dispersion of team workers. The time series evidence suggests that the trend towards larger and more …

opportunities if high. Hence new knowledge remains naturally excludable and appropriable. Team production allows more knowledge …

created at firm formation and is inalienable from the founding team itself. To test this hypothesis, we exploit premature … deaths to identify the causal impact of losing a founding team member on startup performance. We find that the exogenous … separation of a founding team member due to premature death has a persistently large, negative, and statistically significant …