This paper studies the effectiveness of forward guidance when central banks have imperfect credibility. Exploiting … expectations. In our model, the key parameter that aggregates heterogeneous expectations captures the central bank's credibility …, and other major advanced economies have similar levels of credibility (albeit far from full credibility); however, Japan …

evolving Fed credibility, which accords with our recent work using a quantitative New Keynesian model. We define credibility as …, no conflict arises between flexible inflation targeting and maintaining/accumulating credibility. Second, implicit …