higher marriage rates for women and lower for men. Land abundance favored higher fertility. The demands of childcare …

gender inequality. Because parenthood is often tied to marriage, we also investigate the existence of marriage penalties in … female employment. In general, women experience both marriage and child penalties, but their relative importance depends on … economic development. The development process is associated with a substitution from marriage penalties to child penalties …

The causal effects of fertility are a central focus in the social sciences, but the analysis is challenged by the … endogeneity of fertility choices. Earlier work has proposed several "natural experiments" from twin births or gender composition … rare (twins) and weak (gender composition) instrumental variables for fertility. This paper proposes a new "natural …

Unique data from the Berea Panel Study provides new evidence about fertility outcomes before age 30 and beliefs about …, while married individuals have very accurate beliefs. Novel attractiveness measures are central for understanding fertility … beliefs and outcomes for females but not for males. Marriage is a mechanism that is relevant for understanding differences in …

We estimate the effects of large, positive wealth shocks on marriage and fertility in a sample of Swedish lottery … players. For male winners, wealth increases marriage formation and reduces divorce risk, suggesting wealth increases men …'s attractiveness as prospective and current partners. Wealth also increases male fertility. The only discernible effect on female …

responses among higher-income individuals. Resources generate persistent increases in marriage for single men and women but do … not increase the likelihood existing marriages are preserved. Fertility is modestly accelerated by a lottery win, but … there is little effect on total fertility. Our results support a causal pathway behind differences in homeownership and …