secure persistently superior performance via investments in better management and organization. We empirically analyze the … management is driven by two key organizational trade-offs: employee initiative vs. coordination as well as exploration of novel …

determinant of shipping costs. Improving port efficiency from the 25th to the 75th percentile reduces shipping costs by 12 percent … explain variations in port efficiency and find that they are linked to excessive regulation, the prevalence of organized crime …

theory to capture port technology, with tools from demand estimation. We use our framework, together with a collection of … unveils three policy-relevant messages: (i) investing in port infrastructure can lead to substantial trade and welfare gains …) there are sizable spillovers across ports, as investing in one port can decongest a wider set of ports, suggesting that …