and patents. We document key empirical facts on inventors' productivity over the life cycle, inventors' research teams …, and interactions with other inventors. Among others, most patents are the result of collaborative work. Interactions with …An inventor's own knowledge is a key input in the innovation process. This knowledge can be built by interacting with …

engaging inventors in the development of licensed inventions. Our theoretical model shows that when milestones are feasible …

invention. We identify the relationships through firm-specific exposure to changes in federal agency R\&D budgets that are … innovation in firms. However, inventions from universities and public research institutes substitute for corporate inventions and …

anecdotal. This paper provides direct quantitative evidence showing that how innovation and design work was done changed … fundamentally during the Industrial Revolution. This change was characterized by the professionalization of innovation and design …

This paper summarizes a number of studies which use patent data to examine different aspects of technological change … level of patenting; analyzes the relationship between patents, R&D, and tire stock market value of firms; reports on the … estimation of the value of patent rights based on European patent renewal data; and describes the use of patent data to estimate …

commercial activity related to invention are lower than once thought. This is despite relatively lower patent activity among …Previous studies have found large gender and racial differences in commercialization of invention. Using novel data … that permit enhanced identification of women and African American inventors, we find that gender and racial differences in …

agglomeration of US innovation. This study applies an ethnic-name database to individual US patent records to explore these trends …The ethnic composition of US inventors is undergoing a significant transformation, with deep impacts for the overall … dramatically in the 1990s. At the same time, these ethnic inventors became more spatially concentrated across US cities. The …

's fairs between 1851 and 1915. Exhibition data show that the industry where an innovation is made is the single most important … influences are small compared with industry effects. If the effectiveness of secrecy is an important factor in inventors …' patenting decisions, scientific breakthroughs, which facilitate reverse-engineering, should increase inventors' propensity to …

Employing a sample of renowned U.S. inventors that combines biographical detail with information on the patents they … from trading their patent rights. The usefulness of the 19th century U.S. patent system to inventors with humble origins … received over their careers, we highlight the impact of early U.S. patent institutions in providing broad access to economic …

At least since Arrow (1962), the effects of appropriability on invention have been well studied, but there has been … terminate or commercialize the invention is driven by the current market value of the invention, as well as the option value of … risks. We find that better appropriability in the sense of more effective patent strength and secrecy has a strong negative …