We suggest that the geographical patterns of income differences across the world have deep underpinnings. We emphasize … that geography's effects on development occurred exclusively through its effects on this historical institutional … characteristics of economies. Per capita incomes differ around the world in no small part because of sharp differences across regions …

This paper addresses the complex relationship between geography and macroeconomic growth. We investigate the ways in … which geography may matter directly for growth, controlling for economic policies and institutions, as well as the effects … of geography on policy choices and institutions. We find that location and climate have large effects on income levels …

There is controversy about whether geography matters mainly because of its contemporaneous impact on economic outcomes …

What obstacles prevent the most productive technologies from spreading to less developed economies from the world … distances between populations, and document how such distances, relative to the world's technological frontier, act as barriers …

We study the relationship between geography and growth. To do so, we first develop a dynamic spatial growth theory with … realistic geography. We characterize the model and its balanced growth path and propose a methodology to analyze equilibria with … different levels of migration frictions. We bring the model to the data for the whole world economy at a 1°×1° geographic …