Across many sectors, research has established that management explains a notable portion of productivity differences … across organizations. A remaining question, however, is whether it is managers themselves or firm-wide management practices … this setting, managers move between stores but management practices are set by firm policy and largely fixed, allowing us …

the baseline setting remain intact. Our results shed light on the extensive discussion of confidence management in firms …

confidence innovations. Once we control for their low-frequency effect, we find little statistically or economically significant …