shifts. By shocks we mean sudden jolts to the world economy in the form of financial crises and deep recessions, or wars and …

The expansion of U.S. universities after World War II gained from the arrival of immigrant scientists and graduate … convergence in world science and engineering and a falling U.S. share. But the slowdown of U.S. publication rates in the late 1990 …

Competition between opposing lobbies is an important factor in the endogenous determination of trade policy. This paper … investigates empirically the consequences of lobbying competition between upstream and downstream producers for trade policy. The … with lobbying competition. Importantly, accounting for lobbying competition also alters substantially estimates of the …

This paper examines the attitude of Jewish law to competition in light of the economist's understanding of the benefits … of competition and of the beneficiaries from intervention in the competitive process. The punchline of this paper is … simple. Although Judaism has used a whole host of restrictions on competition and has had its share of legislation to promote …

As the clearinghouses for a major portion of the world's rapidly increasing international trade flows, ocean ports and …

.S. markets than import tariffs. We investigate the determinants of shipping costs to the U.S. with a large database of more than … world. Distance volumes and product characteristics matter. In addition, we find that ports efficiency is an important … determinant of shipping costs. Improving port efficiency from the 25th to the 75th percentile reduces shipping costs by 12 percent …