.S. markets than import tariffs. We investigate the determinants of shipping costs to the U.S. with a large database of more than … world. Distance volumes and product characteristics matter. In addition, we find that ports efficiency is an important … determinant of shipping costs. Improving port efficiency from the 25th to the 75th percentile reduces shipping costs by 12 percent …

shifts. By shocks we mean sudden jolts to the world economy in the form of financial crises and deep recessions, or wars and …

The standard source for pre-WWII global freight rate trends is the Isserlis British tramp shipping index. We think it … the precipitous decline in nominal freight rates before the World War I, but it also extends the series to the 1940s …. Furthermore, our new series is linked to the post-World War II era (documented by David Hummels), so that we can be more precise …

A number of economic studies have used a proxy for world real economic activity derived from shipping costs. This … with world output, and ability to predict commodity prices. I conclude that measures derived from world industrial …

We examine the rise of dark shipping - oil tankers disabling AIS transceivers to evade detection - amid Western … shipping's central role in reshaping oil markets and macroeconomic dynamics …

Competition between opposing lobbies is an important factor in the endogenous determination of trade policy. This paper … investigates empirically the consequences of lobbying competition between upstream and downstream producers for trade policy. The … with lobbying competition. Importantly, accounting for lobbying competition also alters substantially estimates of the …

resulting price and quality competition leads to the exit of all but one or very few producers per vaccine. Our empirical … analysis of exits from US vaccine markets supports the hypothesis that high fixed costs and both price and quality competition …