What drives globalization today and in the past? We employ a new micro-founded measure of bilateral trade costs based … on a standard model of trade in differentiated goods to address this question. These trade costs gauge the difference … between observed bilateral trade and frictionless trade. They comprise tariffs, transportation costs and all other factors …

costs for the United States in the range of $100 to $870 billion. Our estimated present value cost for the containment …

This paper attempts to provide a more complete reckoning of the costs of the Iraq War, using standard economic and …, and the CBO's estimates put the projected total direct costs at around $500bn. These figures, however, greatly … underestimate the War's true costs. We estimate a range of present and future costs, by including expenditures not in the $500bn CBO …

of military conflicts. This study reviews the potential costs of a conflict including the postwar expenses that might be …

will be affordable. In this paper, I present the facts about how much accountability costs. The facts are, fortunately …, highly knowable because costs show up both as expenditures on government budgets and as revenues on companies' (mainly test … makers') accounts. Moreover, it turns out that worrying about measurement error in the cost data is pointless. The costs of …

-funding is very effective in controlling guarantee costs in traditional DB plans, it is highly ineffective for DC-MB plans. This … larger than the DB benefit. This paper considers two approaches to controlling guarantee costs. The first approach borrows … in the bad states are subsidized. Both options are very effective at controlling guarantee costs, and they can be used …