The appropriability of innovation depends not only on the instruments available to an innovator to protect private … pursue a narrow or broad customer segment, or whether to commercialize a "minimal viable product" version of their innovation …

Using a difference-in-difference approach, we study how intellectual property right (IPR) protection affects innovation … in China in the years around the privatizations of state-owned enterprises (SOEs). Innovation increases after SOE …

discuss the implications of the risks we analyze for the total volume of medical innovation and for its organization across …

between appropriability mechanisms, innovation and firm-level productivity. We enrich this model in several ways. First, we … consider different types of innovation spending and study the differences in estimates when innovation spending (rather than R …&D spending) is used to predict innovation in the CDM model. Second, we assume that a firm simultaneously innovates and chooses …

The pace of innovation is related both to the level of investment in innovation and the pool of knowledge from which … and design of IPR affects the extent to which any innovation adds to or subtracts from the pool of ideas that are … lead to a lower pace of innovation, and more generally, that long run effects may be the opposite of the short run effects …