substantial debt, have low income and low education, and limited formal employment prior to entering prison. Upon reentry, they …

representative long-run series (1850-2020) of incarceration rates for immigrants and the US-born. As a group, immigrants had higher … incarceration rates than US-born white men before 1870, similar rates between 1880-1950, and lower rates since 1960. Although there … are substantial differences in incarceration by origin country, the relative decline in incarceration since 1960 occurred …

estimates on the value of colonial prison labor and the effects of labor demand shocks on incarceration. We find that prison … deleterious effects. We study the effects on incarceration when prisoners are primarily used as a source of labor using evidence …. Positive economic shocks increased incarceration rates over the colonial period. This result is reversed in the postcolonial …

two signature state incarceration policies adopted during the "tough on crime" era of the 1990s--three strikes and truth …, namely gradually reductions in community incarceration and crime rates. Altogether, these findings point to the need to …While state incarceration policies have received much attention in research on the causes of mass incarceration in the …

. Across both states, incarceration generates short-term drops in economic activity while individuals remain in prison. As a …We study the effect of incarceration on wages, self-employment, and taxes and transfers in North Carolina and Ohio … incarceration history. These results suggest that upstream factors, such as other types of criminal justice interactions or pre …

approximately three who are recently convicted but not sentenced to prison or jail. We develop an empirical framework for studying … contrast, incarceration relative to noncarceral conviction leads to a short-run reduction in recidivism, consistent with …

to increase crime. The altered behavior of permit holders, career criminals, and the police combine to generate 29 and 32 … percent increases in firearm violent crime and firearm robbery respectively. The increasing firearm violence is facilitated by … a massive 35 percent increase in gun theft (p=0.06), with further crime stimulus flowing from diminished police …

) eliminating adult incarceration, and (4) expanding juvenile record sealing opportunities to teenage adult defendants. All four … expansions and dismissing marginal adult charges; raising the age of majority breaks even. Eliminating prison for first …

Abstract This paper extends the Becker (1968)-Ehrlich (1973) model of crime to allow for government transfers. Using … in turn allows an integration of a crime model with a standard public finance model. Using King et al. (1988) preferences … that policies undertaken with the intent of deterring crime may, unintuitively, lead to an increase in crime. This provides …