innovation in firms. However, inventions from universities and public research institutes substitute for corporate inventions and …

Innovation policy can be a crucial component of governments' responses to crises. Because speed is a paramount … objective, crisis innovation may also require different policy tools than innovation policy in non-crisis times, raising … distinct questions and tradeoffs. In this paper, we survey the U.S. policy response to two crises where innovation was crucial …

-produced penicillin, antimalarials, and a flu vaccine. We draw on this episode to discuss the economics of crisis innovation. Since the …

U.S. National Institutes of Health's (NIH's) Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) award program. Based on this …

We review the recent literature on the financing of innovation, inclusive of large companies and new startups. This … related to innovation. We highlight the new literature on learning and experimentation across multi-stage innovation projects … innovation and changing external conditions, especially reduced experimentation costs …

and innovation community. China, in its pursuit of global leadership in AI innovation and technology, has set up …Venture capital plays an important role in funding and shaping innovation outcomes, characterized by investors' deep …-led venture capital funds combine features of private venture capital with traditional government innovation policies. In this …

greater US scientific collaborations with other countries. China's massive investments in university education and R&D has in …