The COVID-19 pandemic created unexpected and prolonged disruptions to childcare access. Using survey evidence on time …-based or partner-provided childcare mitigated the severe disruptions to research observed among parents during COVID-19. We … relative to fathers, narrowing the emerging post-pandemic gender gap. Having a stay-at-home partner reduced the disruptions to …

by their skill level and the role that costs play in their work decision. After reviewing government child-care programs …

increased public financing for childcare. The optimality of public financing depends on a host of factors, such as the "crowd …-out" of existing childcare arrangements, the impact on female labor supply, and the effects on child well-being. The … introduction of universal, highly-subsidized childcare in Quebec in the late 1990s provides an opportunity to address these issues …

than girls though the gender difference is not significant. The negative first-year effect is not mitigated to any great …