User sanctions influence the legal risk for participants in illegal drug markets. A change in user sanctions may change … recent changes in user sanctions for marijuana on marijuana prices. The results suggest that lower legal risks for users are …

Penalties for tax evasion are typically financial, but many jurisdictions also utilize collateral sanctions that deny …

apprehend. When the probability of apprehension is the same for all individuals, optimal sanctions will be maximal: as Gary … Becker (1968) suggested, raising sanctions and reducing the probability of apprehension saves enforcement resources. This … not at all, optimal enforcement may involve less than maximal sanctions …

Sanctions are measures that one party (the sender) takes to influence the actions of another (the target). Sanctions …, or the threat of sanctions, have been used, for example, by creditors to get a foreign sovereign to repay debt or by one … government to influence the human rights, trade, or foreign policies of another government. Sanctions can harm the sender as well …

Recent sanctions on the use of Russia's international reserve assets seem likely to reduce the appeal of US dollar … has been enhanced by the demonstration that the United States is willing and able to sanction misbehavior. Geopolitically …

Theoretical models have suggested that sanctions may be important for enforcing sovereign debt contracts (Bulow and … Rogoff, 1989a, 1989b). This paper examines the role of sanctions in promoting debt repayment during the classical gold … standard period. We analyze a wide range of sanctions including gunboat diplomacy, external fiscal control over a country …

can be viewed as a form of economic sanction and has two advantages over most sanctions: it helps rather than hurts the … greater incentives to judge truthfully. A similar approach could be used to reduce moral hazard associated with World Bank and …

have argued that trade makes war less likely, yet World War I erupted at a time of unprecedented globalization. This paper …

This paper investigates the implications of international financial sanctions for the reserve currency status of the US … dollar. We propose a simple model of a reserve currency, demonstrate how the anticipation of financial sanctions can weaken …