) electronic payments system. We construct an equilibrium model of customer and bank adoption of ACH. We structurally estimate the … variation in the adoption decisions of banks based outside the network and other factors. We find that most of the impediment to … ACH adoption is from large customer fixed costs of adoption. Policies to provide moderate subsidies to customers and …

fees, foreign fees and surcharges applied to transactions by customers at other than an own-bank ATM. Surcharging raises … typically not possible between a bank and a non-bank. A high cost of teller transactions modifies the tendency towards high ATM …

We develop a heterogeneous-agent model with local spatial markets to study the relationships among bank expansion … households across regions. We calibrate the model using a geographic information system to evaluate the rapid bank expansion in …

By comparing uncollateralized business loans made by a big tech lending program with conventional bank loans, we find … far before maturity and borrow more frequently. These patterns remain for borrowers with access to bank credit. Our …

operations of the central bank from markets in which financial claims are created and transacted in ways that, at some operative …

introducing a product that permits Sri Lankan households to deposit mobile airtime balances into a formal bank using a new mobile …

of bank branches and ATM terminals. We characterize the solution of the model and show that qualitatively it is able to …