partnership with a Spanish-speaking online platform for technology positions, ads randomly selected to use gender-neutral language … similar numbers otherwise. In a separate survey experiment, gender-neutral language in ads increases interest and beliefs …

that permit enhanced identification of women and African American inventors, we find that gender and racial differences in … women and African Americans. Further, among determinants of commercialization, the evidence suggests that advanced training … in engineering is correlated with better commercialization outcomes for women and African Americans than for U …

result, women's suffrage exacerbated racial inequality in education expenditures and substantially delayed relative gains in …

Black women were more likely than white women to participate in the labor force from 1870 until at least 1980 and to … stigma associated with women's work, which Goldin (1977) suggested could be traced to cultural norms rooted in slavery. In …

Black women in current cohorts ages 50 to 72 years have lower employment than similar white women, despite having had … higher employment when they were middle-aged and younger. Earlier cohorts of older black women also worked more than their … white counterparts. Although it is not surprising that white women's employment should catch up to that of black women given …

Several studies have found that, all else equal, heavier women earn less. Previous research has been unable to … Youth, this paper attempts to generate consistent estimates of the effect of weight on labor market outcomes for women … lowers wages for white women; among this group, a difference in weight of two standard deviations (roughly sixty-five pounds …

Women enter retirement having spent fewer years in market work, earned less over their lifetimes, and worked in … many women end up with lower levels of retirement income in old age. We use the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), which … largely between nonmarried men and women. Multivariate models show that 85 percent of this retirement income gap can be …